A Modern Malolos Republic

Pia A. Kasaysayan 1: Philippine History Reflection Paper A Modern â€Å"Malolos Republic†: A Reflection on M. Guerrero's â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic† It’s by and large recognized among Filipinos and a few people far and wide that the Philippines is among one of the most degenerate nations on the planet. In 2012, the Philippines positioned 105 with a 3. 4 Corruption Percentage Index in Transparency International’s gathering of information from 176 countries.The CPI score positions nations from 0-10, with 0 demonstrating that a nation is seen to be exceptionally degenerate, and 10 implies that a nation is seen to be perfect (Transparency International, 2012). Defilement ends up being that longstanding issue that Filipinos and Filipino government officials consistently face. Of the numerous methods for political debasement in the Philippines today, accepted to be among the most wild are join, pay off, misappropriation, discretionary misreprese ntation, secondary passage arrangements, cronyism, and nepotism (Conde, 2007).Just by investigating the government officials right now holding office can the last sort be obvious. One family some of the time holds a seat in office for ages, running from barangay commander to the administration. The political field in the Philippines is to a great extent included and represented by administering political lines, rather than ideological groups (Eder ; Vallarta, 2007). Debasement genuinely stays wild in the Philippine society. What astonishes me is the way that it has been so widespread for so very long.According to Milagros Guerrero’s â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic,† political defilement has been with the Filipinos since the very foundation of a republic in our nation. Emilio Aguinaldo’s term as administration appeared at-standard with that of advanced Filipino presidents like Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada or Gloria Macapagal â€Å"GMA† Arr oyo as far as its tidiness and straightforwardness. Where Aguinaldo’s term showed cronyism, or delegating longstanding companions into places of power paying little heed to their capabilities, so did Erap’s and GMA’s.Erap’s notorious Midnight Cabinet comprised of obscure characters with which he would go through the late evening drinking alcohol with. These men were frequently amazing players in the public arena, both from people in general and private parts. This gathering of men, from legislators to agents, regularly won kindness and different advantages from the Estrada organization. Another case of cronyism is GMA’s claimed â€Å"midnight appointment† of previous Chief Justice Renato Corona not long before she was to step down from office. This mirrors Aguinaldo’s own treatment of his previous officers and confidants at arms in the revolution.These men were before long raised into places of high position, exploiting the unexpected nonattendance of the Spaniards to go after clueless individual Filipinos. It was additionally from cronyism that came unite and misappropriation, appearances of a politician’s covetousness for more force and individual assets. Unite is the corrupt utilization of a politician’s expert for individual increase. Theft, with regards to political defilement in the Philippines, is essentially taking cash for individual use infringing upon a trust, for example, the expense law.Among Aguinaldo’s friends and supporters, there were many who utilized their name and political influence to admonish Filipinos into surrendering area and cash. As legislative head of Cagayan, Daniel Tirona cheated the town of a huge number of pesos. This is the same as cutting edge governors who search out the kindness of the ebb and flow president in office, so as to acquire power. Theft, when perpetrated by high government authorities, turns into a considerably graver wrongdoing against the st ate. Pres.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and a few authorities of her administration were regularly associated with misappropriation. There were various prominent political embarrassments during her residency as president, two of which were the infamous Fertilizer Fund Scam and the NBN-ZTE Deal. Indeed, even until today are Erap and his liberal way of life become the stuff of urban legend and vilification. While Aguinaldo himself is for the most part saved from such a disparaging inheritance, as he is frequently commended as the saint leader of the Philippine Revolution, his associates and supporters basically can't be granted the equivalent protection.Jose Ignacio Paua, Aguinaldo’s brother by marriage and general, was not generally welcomed in Albay and other Bicol territories where he drained his constituents out of home and land. Referenced over, the notorious Daniel Tirona was scarcely likewise the image for political and budgetary tidiness. While it is our politicians’ p rogressing guarantee to annihilate debasement, it’s clear that with its underlying foundations so profound into our history, it will be no simple undertaking. So as to really have a spotless, just government it’s up to the individuals to decide in favor of whom they think merits it and for those legislators to serve the individuals decently and selflessly.As basic for what it's worth, this lead is frequently overlooked because of generally narrow minded reasons. While debasement in the hour of Aguinaldo and that of past presidents’ leave permanent stains throughout the entire existence of the Philippines, our solitary comfort is with the expectation that people in the future won't need to encounter very similar things. Works Cited Conde, C. H. (2007, March 13). Philippines generally degenerate, overview says †The New York Times. Recovered March 3, 2013, from The New York Times: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/03/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-peso. 891792. h tml? _r=1; Eder, E. , ; Vallarta, A. (2007, April 20). GMA News Research: Political families reign in practically all of RP | News | GMA Online. Recovered March 3, 2013, from GMA News Online: http://www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/39187/news/specialreports/gma-news-examine political-families-reign-in-nearly all-of-rp Transparency International. (2012). Research †CPI †Overview. Recovered March 3, 2013, from Transparency International: http://www. straightforwardness. organization/explore/cpi/diagram

car jacking essays

vehicle jacking articles Vehicle Jacking is an across the country issue. There are many stunning stories that individuals have experienced. In April of 1999 a lady and her infant were vehicle jacked in their old neighborhood in Georgia. The mother ventured out of the vehicle and was giving her infant a container when all of a sudden a man drove her into the secondary lounge of her vehicle and he bounced into the front and took off. She was shouting and hollering and attempting to battle the man. At that point she understood she had a mobile phone in her children diaper sack. She figured out how to answer telephone and afterward she dialed 911 and left the line open. She was terrified and anxious and didnt know where she was going or what would happen to her and her infant. She was attempting to name out tourist spots so the 911 administrator could lead the police to them without the vehicle jackers information. The vehicle began easing back down and she was preparing to leap out when she unexpectedly underst ood that there was a vehicle tailing them. A man escaped his van and hopped into the secondary lounge with her and the child. They heard alarms from a squad car however it before long blurred away. She realized the police were searching for her. She considered how she could advise the police to return to support them. She was conversing with the ruffians sufficiently uproarious so the administrator could hear, that squad car cannot be searching for you, they passed by us. Before long the police returned and pulled the vehicle over. Everything turned out fine in light of this womans fast reasoning. (Weingarden 1-3). Vehicle jacking is an issue in the United States. There has been an ascent of auto burglary and vehicle jacking in the previous years. There are likewise approaches to forestall this wrongdoing and tips to know about on the off chance that you are ever in this circumstance. In United States they have recorded more than 35,000 endeavored vehicle jackings in the most recent year and they are on the ascent (Brewer 1). Likewise, a hypothesis is that all casualties of vehicle jacking are ladies and that isn't accurate. Mid one morning, tw ... <!

Book Riots Deals of the Day for December 10th, 2019

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Betty Botter Tongue Twister to Practice the B Sound

Tongue twisters are fun words games we use to challenge our pronunciation. As an English learner, you can use tongue twisters to help with pronunciation of certain consonant sounds in combination with a wide variety of vowels. In this tongue twister, Betty Botter, you can work on your bs. Use lots of breath to help you get the plosive b sound strong. Remember that b is voiced  Ã¢â‚¬â€ pronounced using the vocal chords by a strong explosion of air through the lips. Betty Botter Betty Botter had some butter,But, she said, this butters bitter.If I bake this bitter butter,it would make my batter bitter.But a bit of better butter--that would make my batter better. So she bought a bit of butter,better than her bitter butter,and she baked it in her batter,and the batter was not bitter.So twas better Betty Botterbought a bit of better butter. Listen to  Ã‚  Betty Botter  a number of times and then try it for yourself! Improving Your Pronunciation of B Better Botter helps you practice b. The b sound is voiced and is similar to the p sound which is voiceless. The difference between the two sounds is that the b uses the voice. Practice the difference in these sounds with minimal pairs - words that only have a difference between the b and p sound.   bob - popblob - plopbeg - pegpitch - bitchpeck - beck Feel the Sound Difference Place your hand on your throat and say bag and you will feel a vibration for both b and go. Place your hand on your throat and say pop and youll feel no vibration at all. To practice the difference, try the Peter Piper tongue twister below which focuses on the voiceless p.

Financial Analysis Interserve Essays - 6782 Words

1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. Industry Background 2 3. Company Information 2 3.1 Geographic (Operating Profit contribution) 2 3.2 Major Stakeholder and Management and Governance 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Measurement and Performance 5 6. Financial Ratio Analysis 6 6.1 Liquidity Ratios and Short-Term Debt-Paying Ability 6 6.2 Long-term Debt Ratio 8 6.3 Profitability Ratios 9 6.4 Investor Analysis Ratios 10 7. Trend Analysis 11 7.1 Horizontal Analysis 11 7.1.1 Income Statement Horizontal Analysis 11 7.1.2 Balance Sheet Horizontal Analysis 14 7.2 Vertical Analysis 16 7.2.1 Vertical Income Statement Analysis 16 7.2.2 Vertical Balance sheet Analysis 18 8. Memo 21 9. Appendix 23 9.1 Interserve FinSaS input 23†¦show more content†¦6.1.1 Efficiency Accounts receivables turnover and Accounts receivables turnover in days depicts how efficiently the company converts account receivable to cash. If a company doesn’t have enough cash or cash-like asset, the key to debt paying ability is the time it takes to convert less liquid current asset to cash (Michael, 2011). This can have a significant effect on the company’s cash flow. Comparing Interserve to Kiers we can observe Kiers superior ability in convert account receivables to cash. 6.1.2 Liquidity The relationship of current assets to current liabilities is an important indicator of the degree to which a firm is liquid (Woelfel, 1994). Graph 6.1 Current Ratio and Acid Ratio evaluates current asset available to pay current obligations whereas acid ratio excludes inventories from the current assets because of its relative illiquidity and evaluates the relationship between quick assets to current liabilities. A comparison between Interserve and Kier shows disparity in both acid and current ratios. Interserve has a lower current ratio (0.82) to that of Kiers (1.19) but aShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis : Kier Group Plc1939 Words   |  8 Pagesare Balfour Beatty, Carillion, Laing O Rourke, Interserve and Morgan Sindall. The three latest ones outrun Kier Group by a very small margin in recent turnover. Balfour Beatty and Carillion have dominated industry for considerable number of years, yet Laing O Rourke, Interserve and Morgan Sindall are very contiguous competitors so Kier Group has a lot of chances to outstrip them within the next few years. 2. Ratio Analysis 2.1. Ratio analysis importance and usefulness Before continuing to

Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt Free Essays

Compare Contrast Essay Mesopotamia and Egypt By: Jessenia Carranza Egypt and Mesopotamia are similar because they share the same concept of having a single rule, although Egypt is a theocracy and Mesopotamia is a monarchy; and both are divided into social classes, the difference being that women in Egypt have more right than Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia and Egypt are both based upon a single ruler. The Akkedians, for example, had king Sargen, who formed the first empire; or even Hammurabi, the ruler of Babylonia, he created the fist code of laws, which were followed by his people. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Akkedians had to have a single ruler because an empire doesn’t form itself; it needs a leader, which is the king. Similar to this is Menes the king of Egypt, he united Lower and Upper Egypt and built the first dynasty. Although Mesopotamia and Egypt were both based upon a single ruler, Egypt was a dynasty and passed down the power to the son, whereas Mesopotamia was just a monarchy didn’t necessarily pass down the power to the son. In Egypt the pharaohs, were believed to be gods, therefore it was a theocracy and he had total control. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was a monarchy, and it was believed that their ruler descended from the gods, but they were not gods. Another similarity between these two societies is that they are divided into social classes. In both of them, the King is in the first class followed by wealthy merchants and then the farmers, unskilled workers, and all the other people. Basically the social classes in Mesopotamia and Egypt are based on power, money and skills. One difference between both of these societies is that they Egypt give women more rights then the women in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia women could only own property and could divorce their husbands. Meanwhile, in Egypt women could not only divorce and own property, but also they could also manage and sell properties and trade. In short, while in Mesopotamia women’s rights were restricted, in Egypt women’s right were equal to men. How to cite Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt, Essay examples

Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essay Example

Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essay Information engineering is going more and more the important component of mundane life. It is widely used in concern activities, every bit good as in leisure clip at place. This besides applies to tourism as a signifier of human activity. Tourist endeavors are significantly utilizing information engineering for selling intents. This applies to the field of support in marketing determination devising every bit good as the field of communicating and sale. However, for the intent of selling, information engineering is used in touristry by public sector, specifically by national, regional and lokal tourer organisations covering with marketing for their countries ( states, parts, topographic points ) as tourer finishs. Therefore this paper takes into consideration the possibilities of the usage of information engineering in touristry finish selling. Explained are assorted information engineerings, applied in touristry and their present and possible function in the selling of finish is ass essed. Defined is the term of electronic market, together with electronic selling as selling activities carried out on electronic market with the aid of information engineering. The demand to integrate electronic selling in the whole scheme of touristry finish selling is besides pronounced. For this paper relevant literature was used, largely from the field of selling, but besides of other economic and historic methods. Keywords: selling in touristry, selling scheme, tourer market, information engineering, electronic selling, finish selling systems. Introduction For successful and efficient concern in an environment characterized by dynamism, information and globalisation, it is necessary to be flexible and react rapidly to any alterations on the market. Such company`s reaction may be merely the consequence of uninterrupted, rapid and accurate flow of information enabled by information engineering and information systems. In industrialised states, information and cognition represent a new base of overall operation, present in all domains of production, touristry, trade and services, to non-economy and province disposal. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Continuous development of information and communicating engineerings during the last decennary has had a profound deduction on touristry. In the modern concern conditions, for endeavors in touristry, it is of import to see two signifiers of technological competences in order to accomplish fight. These are the countries of computing machine engineering and communicating engineering. Computer engineerings include accomplishments in the field of hardware, package, etc.. Accomplishments in the field of hardware provide about illimitable chances for the development of package plans designed to work out any jobs. Communication engineerings enable work outing the jobs of transportation of information. Message transmittal rate is continuously increasing. Application of ICT in endeavors in the touristry, digitise all procedures in the field of touristry, catering, travel, etc.. Besides, these engineerings affect all concern maps in the touristry industry: gross revenues and selling, finance and accounting, procurance, research and development. At the tactical degree, this includes e-commerce and application of information engineering ( IT ) to maximise efficiency and effectivity of organisations in the touristry industry through the decrease of operating costs and communications costs. In add-on, IT enables more effectual strategic determination doing through improved direction processes, control processs, more efficient response to alterations in the environment and similar. Changeless interaction with clients and spouses helps to be more flexible and competitory in pricing, which can increase the output of the company. Gross saless control enables company to set merchandises and monetary values to the demands of consumers, every bit good as to originate promotional companies and similar, in the quest to maximise gross revenues. The efficiency of the tourer economic system of a state or finish will mostly depend on the entire cybernation of concern endeavors in touristry, and the handiness of touristry merchandises presented through the modern computing machine engineering. The effects of the execution of information engineering are legion and chiefly associate to better information and faster dealing, to significantly bettering operations in many countries on the tourer market. 1. Feature OF TOURISM DESTINATION Selling Tourism is a complex, unfastened system which is composed of set of subsystems and their interaction of ensuing socio-economic and natural phenomena and relationships. Its subsystems, themselves are composed of a set of ain elements such as: system of holders supply ( adjustment installations, eating houses, air hoses, retail trade, reinforced attractive forces, activities, etc. ) subsystem mediators ( circuit operators, travel bureaus ) , subsystem of concern associations and Chamberss, a subsystem of the populace sector ( province governments responsible for touristry, national, regional and local touristry organisations, tourer information centres, etc. ) a subsystem of tourers ( consumers ) , a subsystem of occupants ( both because of the importance of their attitude towards tourers every bit good as user of the same installations and services ) , every bit good as related services subsystem ( guide service, educational establishments etc. ) . Tourism is an activity that involves motion and stay of people in such topographic points that are non topographic points of their lasting abode. They visited other states, faiths, colonies, and this is called by a name aa‚Â ¬ a tourer finish. Since there is no topographic point on Earth, which tourists do non see, it should be emphasized that, in the context of modern touristry, a topographic point can go a finish merely as a consequence of two sets of related activities: the development of installations designed for run intoing the demands of tourers who visit the finish and the being of the finish selling activities such as the tourers offers in topographic points where it is needed. Selling in touristry is direction doctrine by which holders of tourer and concern policies tend to make and keep the mark group of tourers through the designation and ( effectual and efficient ) seeking to run into their demands, and on that footing to accomplish their organisational ends and societal involvement. Today in the international touristry, states, parts and metropoliss are viing as a finish, non merely companies. Selling of merchandises of touristry finishs can non be left merely to the endeavors because they are non normally capable to back up independently, financially or otherwise such attempts. For this ground it is necessary that such activities are done by Tourist policy holders, and assorted province organic structures which are responsible for touristry ( such as public sector ) . But we should non undervalue the function and importance of the assorted enterprises of the private sector. The development of mass touristry has threatened and someplace damaged non merely natural but besides adult male s entire environment. It is necessary to take into history the long-run involvements of society ( Internet Explorer, finish ) and continue the environment ( natural, socio-cultural and other ) so that the tourer finish would non go a victim of its ain development. Therefore, the application of selling in touristry assumes the credence of construct of socially responsible selling. Selling in touristry, in general, has a figure of specific inside informations that are related to touristry as an activity. These are: intangibleness of services, their connexion with those who provide them, variableness of quality, the impossibleness of their storage, important clip distance between the determination to buy and ain ingestion, frequently weak trueness to the trade name, concentrating demand to offer, seasonal concentration of demand, its heterogeneousness and flexibleness, heterogeneousness and inelasticity every bit good as high hazard in purchasing their merchandise. It should be said that besides the legion characteristics of selling in touristry in general, a tourer finish carries extra particulars that arise from the following features: Tourist finish, irrespective of physical screens, normally has a multifunctional character ; spacial coverage tourer finish, that is seen by tourers, frequently differs from the 1 that is seen by the finish governments ; It may go on that some sets of aims of public and private sectors do non overlap or that they are in struggle ; the finish method of utilizing the merchandise differs well from the usage of any merchandise or services, and eventually, those who manage the finish ( which is the public sector ) , have small or no control over the assorted elements of the tourer finish. Specific services include selling and usage of specific selling constructs, besides the one related to the four selling mix instrument. It is about internal selling and synergistic selling. Finish selling organisations ( DMO ) can implement internal selling on three degrees: the micro degree, Internet Explorer. within the DMO, where the chief mark audience is the forces employed in the DMO, so at the degree of tourer activity, where the mark is the employees in the industries of touristry and eventually at the finish as a whole, where the mark audience is the occupants. Talking about synergistic selling chances the execution of these activities is smaller than in the instance of internal selling. It is of great importance for the selling of a tourer finish to keep and better the dealingss with tourers that are normally committed towards attitudes and behaviours of service suppliers. Synergistic selling has its topographic point in the sphere of touristry information centres and checkpoints, through changeless contact, by supplying information, aid and in treating ailments. 2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN DESTINATION Selling Information engineering, by itself, can non be a beginning of enduring competitory advantage of tourer finish. It may lend barely to the competitory advantage through its impact on beef uping the microeconomic footing of fight which consists of human resources, physical substructure, administrative substructure, information substructure, scientific and technological substructure, developed domestic market and competition, sophisticated and demanding petition. In the selling of tourer finishs, its application is found in a big figure of information engineerings: teletext, videotext, information booths, computing machine reserve systems, planetary distribution systems, finish selling systems, databases, adept systems and the Internet. 2.1. Teletext Teletext is a engineering of one-way broadcasted information through uninterrupted transmittal of groups of information in rhythms from one centre, along with broadcasted telecasting signals. The thought of this innovation was patented in early 1970ss in the UK, and the thought was to liberate the lines of Television signal which were non used for transmittal of picture signals and to asseverate an extra digital signal. The digital signal carries the information presented in the signifier of numbered pages, which can demo text and images. Decoded information in order to be read on screen requires Television with decipherer. Pages of information are broadcast in rhythms, and the user, with the aid of the keyboard, select the coveted page. The disadvantage of Teletext, in this respect lies in the fact that it must wait until the coveted page appears in the broadcast rhythm. This limits the capacity of several hundred pages which means that the choice and elaborate information are limit ed. For the intents of the tourer industry, the place information system, can supply updated information, such as conditions forcast, traffic conditions on roads, clip of going and reaching of aircraft and trains etc.. Besides this, there is the possibility to do a purchase, for illustration, which means to purchase the bundle of tourer agreements and to purchase for it by the phone with the recognition card. This is peculiarly suited for the bundle of agreements that are unsold merely before the start of travel. 2.2. Videotext Videotext is an electronic system for directing information and messages that allows bipartisan communicating, normally by telephone, with the information shown in the signifier of text or artworks on a custom Television or some other terminal such as personal computing machines. Videotext services are used both in private and in concern intents. Some of the information can be obtained via videotext services include: intelligence and conditions, preparation or instruction at place, tourer information, catalog sale. Besides this, videotext can be used to execute the reserve of tickets, film, assorted computations ( eg computation of involvement ) , so to direct messages between users. Videotext can be publically accessible or private, or restricted to private users ( alleged closed-user group ) . Publicly available videotext was developed in many states. Travel bureaus, peculiarly in the UK, frequently use videotext. Therefore, the British rider agents, through any of the bing videotext system, can acquire information about going and arrival times, and monetary values of all major air and ferry companies, and monetary values on the car rental services, the staying topographic points in charter flights and the staying bundle information on visas, exchange rate etc.. Videotext in the touristry industry is far more used to acquiring information instead than booking. When it comes to usual travel ( leisure travel ) particularly the bundle in the UK, in most instances, these merchandises can be booked online entirely through videotext. On the other manus, in Germany, for illustration, circuit operators in this respect are less restrictive, and through videotext book merely a few per centum of the bundle agreement. Booking services for concern travellers, for the most portion use the computerized reserve systems, air hoses and system-START Amadeus. France is the lone state in Europe ( and in the universe ) with the broad usage of videotext system in concern and private intents, with lt ; lt ; Minitel gt ; gt ; device in 1000000s of offices and places. A survey done for the Gallic national telecommunications company and the Ministry of Tourism in 1991, has shown that the usage of lt ; lt ; Minitel gt ; gt ; for roll uping information on touristry services among its clients is popular, although dawdling behind the booklets and information presented by travel bureaus. 2.3. Information booths Development in the field of information engineering has led to the visual aspect of information booths. It is the sort of information system for the independently entree of the client and autonomously usage. New coevals systems are of multimedia characters, dwelling of computing machines, talkers, keyboard ( required if your proctor is non the type of touch-screen ) , CD-ROM thrust, sometimes the little pressman and stored in robust lodging. They are normally set in the hotel anteroom, shopping centres, at the airdromes, coach and railroad Stationss and on similar topographic points. Users ( tourers ) can freely near and utilize it to acquire the specific information ( through text, images, picture and sound ) , and to book the adjustment. The characteristics of information booths are:[ 1 ] Good balance in the usage of different media, Good quality content, Simple but clear and apprehensible organisation of content, Consistency in the manner the stuff is fragmented, connected and presented on the screen, Consistency in the presentation of different functionality and It links clearly the significance and map ( sometimes with expressed account ) . Information booths have besides disadvantages. There may be negative impacts on the environment ( noise and general exhilaration ) . Availability / handiness of booths may depend on the working hours where they are located. Besides, the frequence locations lose their privateness in obtaining the information through the booths, as passers and those waiting in line for the booth can see ( and hear ) the information that is broadcasted across the screen of the booth. In any instance, information booths are widespread in touristry information engineering and are devoted to the visitants on the finish. Their map is to inform the tourers and carry them to remain longer in the peculiar finish every bit good as to pass more money at that place. 2.4. Compact disc read-only memory CD-ROM ( Compact Disk Read Only Memory ) system allows the optical maser compact phonograph record to hive away coloured recordings: hotel, gallery, landscapes, metropoliss etc. and to expose them by color-screen personal computing machines that are installed in travel bureaus. This new technological invention is frequently called electronic booklet . It allows possible tourers to see any selected finish or partial tourer merchandises and ease a determination on purchase. Electronic booklets can be made by national and regional and local touristry organisations, circuit operators, hotels, proprietors of computerized engagement system CD-ROM ( or video phonograph record ) is really suited for assorted usage with videotext system. Namely, videotext has entree to big databases that are updated continuously, but is limited to their text and simple in writing show. On the other manus, video-disc is inflexible from the point of updating the information ( one time registered the informati on on optical maser compact phonograph record can non be deleted ) , but the possibility of exposing inactive and traveling images of high quality and sound. Therefore, for illustration tourists` travel bureau or tourer information centre can necessitate hotel adjustment in a peculiar finish. Videotext on its page gives information on pricing and handiness but the image of the hotel, room etc. , are shown by a video-disc. 2.5. Computer reserve systems, touristry endeavors ( CRS ) Reservation systems are the most of import component in the system of distribution of tourer services. Their formation is the consequence of the desire of direction in touristry endeavors to set up pre-booking system, which, with monetary value alterations and the formation of waiting lists, is one of the techniques of commanding demand in the short term, without alterations to the offer. In add-on, the reserve system enables organisations whose resources are non limited to better demand and consequently to that it takes stairss to increase supply. Besides, CRS enables suppliers of tourer services to maximise capacity use through monetary value alterations and rearranging the bundle of services, and sometimes through the transportation ( redirect ) consumers with the merchandises whose demand exceeds the offer to those with weaker demand.CRS may be organized in one of three ways:[ 2 ] aa‚Â ¬A? As manual ( manual ) system, where the demands are taken by the phone, and so inscribe in these particular books, journals, and tabular arraies ; aa‚Â ¬A? As a computerized system where the demands are besides received by phone, but all records of the reserve is processed and stored on a computing machine ; aa‚Â ¬A? As a to the full automated computing machine reserve system, for which agents have straight entree ( on line ) from terminuss in their offices and execute engagement. 2.6. Adept systems Adept systems have found their first application in a extremely structured job work outing in scientific discipline and technology. In the field of touristry about they appeared during the eightiess of the last century, when it began with the development of paradigms of these systems for operational and physical direction of tourer companies, particularly for air hoses and big hotels. Expert systems contain the cognition of experts in such signifier to enable them to offer for specific job solutions or do intelligent determinations. Expert system should hold the ability to explicate and warrant its decision, every bit good as the ability to make informations on actions with unsure effects. Characteristic of these systems is that they are able to retrieve the good solutions and include them in the bank of cognition for later usage in work outing other jobs. For direction intents, the acceptance of such systems and larning about them are indispensable. The comparatively recent literature, which covers the country of application of information engineerings in touristry, began to till the issue of application of adept systems in reding tourers in choosing the most appropriate finish. Adept systems in this respect could be used as agents of aid ( travel counsellors ) in supplying aid to tourers in the pick of finishs and services in entire. The tourers can happen the same application but without the agent. What are the chances in the country of application of adept systems in finish selling? Apart from the expert systems which should assist in the choice of one, the most suited finish between multiple options, which in this instance are ( controlled ) agencies of selling, there remains the possibility of using for a narrower or wider finish, in order to help in taking the best paths and paths, and harmonizing to penchants of tourers, irrespective of whether the tourers had direct entree or through an agent. Adept systems have non had broad application in this country or agents in the country of aid in giving advice to tourers. The ground for making this, is a great complexness in patterning penchant for intangible merchandises and expand of the range of influence on decision-making procedure. The immediate hereafter will non convey important alterations in this respect. We should anticipate the first concrete effort to present adept systems in travel bureaus, while the procedure of imp lementing the expert system with direct entree will travel slower except, possibly, over the Internet. 2.7. Tourist information systems on the Internet The rapid development of Internet at the terminal of 90 old ages has brought a revolution in touristry. The Internet has moved the spread between consumers and concerns and it enables synergistic communicating and trade. Tourism has ever been a complex activity, which is based on a partnership between the single organisations within a defined system of values. Distribution channels in touristry include the figure of shops which include travel bureaus, circuit operators and other organisations. B2B Internet commercialism has enabled many organisations in the touristry industry to redesign its concern operations and spread out their concern theoretical accounts. We can state that about every serious company in the tourer economic system in the developed states, has its ain web site. This applies to the air hoses, hotel ironss, RAC companies, railroads. But in less tourer companies that are seen on the Internet as a comparatively cheap medium for acquiring the international market. It is interesting to observe that due to the comparatively rapid credence of the Internet by the tourer client and there occur writers who speak of the terminal of the tourer bureaus and the absence of the demands of their mediation. Equally good as it shows the demand of the bureaus to acquire cognize its clients, and the profile of the tourers ( in fact develop Database selling ) so non to stay without them. With the new information engineering, particularly Internet, Marketing section is altering quickly in five foreparts:[ 3 ] From mass selling to database selling. Given that companies tend to all facets of the organisation work smarter, doing more with less, the cost of unsuccessful advertisement will turn. For these grounds, selling experts must, utilize the engineering of informations garnering to aim more exactly coveted sections of their propaganda. This involves roll uping more client information and custom-making the message by utilizing the information demands of the mark audience and to do the distinction between merchandises and services. From mass media to synergistic media. Customers progressively want to take when, where and how to run into the holders offer. This means turn toing the single demands of clients and services in a manner that the client prefers. Synergistic media will play a critical function in this procedure and it should be involved in marketing scheme at the first chance. From the market portion to the relationship wealth. Since marketing sections can function instead than sell their public presentation should be measured otherwise. The accent will be on the wealth of dealingss with consumers, instead than merely the market portion. To be effectual, this passage must be strongly communicated to all degrees of the company. From gross revenues to service clients. Marketing no longer means to convey your message to the widest possible audience. It means to take attention of clients. It moves into production, logistics, client service centres, aid desks, assisting to take barriers in the manner of sale to consumers. From technologically sophisticated to the most originative. The Internet was non for many selling sections of import thing but it was an interesting thing. Today, it is a basic demand in all selling schemes. In the yesteryear, the best selling experts, they were most originative. Today, the best selling experts are those who are most engineering sophisticated. The importance of creativeness remains, but the importance of holding technologically sophisticated usage of selling, gives chances for geometric growing. Internet is non used merely for tourer information, but besides for sale. Association of American hotels and motels ( AHRMA ) points out that electronic gross revenues service adjustment over the Internet beginning of the XXI century has reached a value near to 3 billion USD.[ 4 ] All of import tourer finishs of the universe have their presentations on the Internet ( or more accurately on the Word Wide Web ) . It is a medium that no 1 wants to drop in their selling activities. Our state is connected to the Internet from 1996. twelvemonth. Since so a figure of tourer companies, every bit good as some finishs, develop their presentations on the Internet. Yet it is progressively used to roll up different information in order to happen new content, for supervising communicating, for creative activity and design of tourer services. Decision From the point of view of marketing tourer finishs, teletext and videotext have about no possible. Cadmium Rom has been a traditional selling tool known as Electronic booklet , although a figure of finish presentations on the Cadmium Rom suffer from the stereotype positions. Information booths are designed for those who have already visited the finish, in order to widen their stay and increase ingestion. In that sense, it is a widespread engineering. Computer reserve systems, touristry companies, including planetary distribution systems, are oriented to increase the efficiency of gross revenues, therefore the dealing. Therefore, the weak involvement for a selling finish is expressed. Many of the finishs selling organisations ( DMO ) with the building of finish selling systems make their finish more accessible electronically. Experiences are different, and it is obvious that we should wait with giving the concluding mark. Database of visitants can be a solid foundation for database selling. In fact, it is necessary to put up and develop a coherent system of roll uping informations on visitants, in cooperation with the private sector ( eg touristry industry ) . Adept systems, for now had wider application in the country of finish selling, and the first efforts will be related to the operation of travel bureaus. The Internet likely carries the greatest possible, peculiarly because of the possibility of uniting with other information engineerings. Destination selling organisations is already utilizing the Internet for their activities. Despite its restrictions, it is certain that the Internet will hold a important topographic point in incorporate selling activities of tourer finishs.

Definition and Examples of Speakers in Language Studies

Definition and Examples of Speakers in Language Studies In linguistics and communication studies, a speaker is one who speaks: the producer of an utterance.  In rhetoric, a speaker is an orator: one who delivers a speech or formal address to an audience. In literary studies, a speaker is a  narrator: one who tells a story.   Observations On Speakers The average adult English speaker has a vocabulary of around thirty thousand words and speaks ten to twelve sounds per second. Most of us in modern America, apart from the very solitary and the very garrulous, speak anywhere from 7,500 to 22,500 words a day. Grabbing these words, one every four hundred milliseconds on average, and arranging them in sequences that are edited and reviewed for grammar and appropriateness before theyre spoken requires a symphony of neurons working quickly and precisely. Pronouncing (or signing) words in any language requires that your brain coordinate with your body in order to turn the electricity of nerve impulses into waves of sound (or, if you sign, of gesture and motion). So far, scientists have been able to draw only simple models of how the control of language toggles back and forth between the brain and the body.(Michael Erard, Um, Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean. Random House, 2008)Since native speakers of a language can not have memorized each phrase or sentence of their language, given that the set of phrases and sentences is infinite, their linguistic knowledge cannot be characterized as a list of phrases or sentences. . . . If a list of phrases is insufficient, then how can we characterize the native speakers linguistic knowledge? We will say that a speakers linguistic knowledge can be characterized as a grammar consisting of a finite set of rules and principles that form the basis for the speakers ability to produce and comprehend the unlimited number of phrases and sentences of the language.(Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001) We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance (the actual use of language in concrete situations). . . . A record of natural speech will show numerous false starts, deviations from rules, changes of plan in mid-course, and so on. The problem for the linguist, as well as the child learning the language, is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that have been mastered by the speaker-hearer and that he puts to use in actual performance.(Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965) Pronunciation: SPEE-ker Etymology: From the Old English, speak Source: Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001 Michael Erard, Um, Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean. Random House, 2008 Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965

Gravimetric Analysis Definition

Gravimetric Analysis Definition Gravimetric analysis is a collection of  quantitative analysis laboratory techniques  based on the measurement of an analytes mass. One example of a  gravimetric analysis technique  can be used to determine the amount of an ion in a solution by dissolving a known amount of a compound containing the ion in a solvent to separate the ion from its compound. The ion is then precipitated or evaporated out of solution and weighed. This form of gravimetric analysis is called precipitation gravimetry. Another form of gravimetric analysis is volatization gravimetry. In this technique, compounds in a mixture are separated by heating them to chemically decompose the specimen. Volatile compounds are vaporized and lost (or collected), leading to a measurable reduction on the mass of the solid or liquid sample. Precipitation Gravimetric Analysis Example In order for gravimetric analysis to be useful, certain conditions must be met: The ion of interest must fully precipitate from solution.The precipitate must be a pure compound.It must be possible to filter the precipitate. Of course, there is error in such an analysis! Perhaps not all of the ion will precipitate. They may be impurities collected during filtration. Some sample may be lost during the filtration process, either because it passes through the filter or else is not recovered from the filtration medium. As an example, silver, lead, or mercury may be used to determine chlorine because these metals for insoluble chloride. Sodium, on the other hand, forms a chloride that dissolves in water rather than precipitates. Steps of Gravimetric Analysis Careful measurements are necessary for this type of analysis. Its important to drive away any water that may be attracted to a compound. Place an unknown in a weigh bottle that has its lid cracked open. Dry the bottle and sample in an oven to remove water. Cool the sample in a desiccator.Indirectly weigh a mass of the unknown in a beaker.Dissolve the unknown to produce a solution.Add a precipitating agent to the solution. You may wish to heat the solution, as this increases the particle size of the precipitate, reducing loss during filtration. Heating the solution is called digestion.Use vacuum filtration to filter the solution.Dry and weigh the collected precipitate.Use stoichiometry based on the balanced chemical equation to find the mass of the ion of interest. Determine the mass percent of the analyte by dividing the mass of analyte by mass of unknown. For example, using silver to find an unknown chloride, a calculation might be: Mass of dry unknown chloride: 0.0984Mass of AgCl precipitate: 0.2290 Since one mole of AgCl contains one mole of Cl- ions: (0.2290 g AgCl)/(143.323 g/mol) 1.598 x 10-3 mol AgCl(1.598 x 10-3)x(35.453 g/mol Cl) 0.0566 g Cl (0.566 g Cl)/(0.0984 g sample) x 100% 57.57% Cl in unknown sample Note lead would have been another option for the analysis. However, if lead had been used, the calculation would have needed to account for the fact one mole of PbCl2 contains two moles of chloride. Also note, error would have been greater using lead because lead is not completely insoluble. A small quantity of chloride would have remained in solution instead of precipitating.

UC application, personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UC application, - Personal Statement Example I believe in a friendly environment and on factors that would ensure my success. The morals that guide a given institution are similar to those taught by a given society. My family teachings and system code of ethics are what guides my decision-making processes My endurance may be traced to my earlier lives where my family encouragement to pursue my career based on personal interest rather than peer influence. The competitive nature of the modern world requires an individual to choose his or her path wisely. The nature in which an individual chooses his educational path will depend on what society has to offer in terms of employment opportunities. Passion drives this choice and my choice was based on the available opportunities and supportive environments created by my family and friends. The level of expectation from this environment drives my success goals. An individual arranges his priorities based on the environment and my aim is to ensure a successful process that would ensure an increase in levels of competitiveness in this complex world. The world becomes complicated when, and individual fails to achieve certain goals. My aim is to remain relevant to my environment and achieve my goals based on their priorities. Moral of an individual is determined by the nature of his or her upbringing. My family background molded me to become a responsible person, who appreciates the surroundings and respects varied opinions. This characteristic has enabled my stay at the school. I believe in a culture as a tool that would enable interactions between people and cultures. Diversity creates a wider opportunity to explore the differences associated with world and immediate society. I utilize diversity as a means of study and as a way of learning the world in a different dimension. This dimension enables my exploration of new opportunities with the goal of creating counter actions plan to overcome challenges that are associated with diversity. My

A Doll's House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A Doll's House - Essay Example Torvald deals Nora as a father figure as he calls her with different names to indicate towards her inequality in the relationship such as â€Å"little sky-lark†, â€Å"little squirrel†, â€Å"little spendthrift been†, â€Å"little pet†, â€Å"little one†, little Nora†, â€Å"little song-bird† and many more. In every word used for Nora, little is used necessarily and indicates towards the fact that Nora is considered as a child like character who needs training and is in no way equal to her husband. Nora never minds such names and considers her a playful character for her husband’s pleasure and is always ready to amuse him. She acts like her husband’s puppet. She is like a kid who wants her elders to be happy with her. Nora takes some loan for the life of her husband and conceals this from him and when Torvald knows about her doing, he loses his temper. Torvald doesn’t realize that whatever Nora has done was for his own safety. He only sees his reputation and social status. He is unable to realize Nora’s love for him. He only blames her for injuring his reputation. At seeing the reaction of Torvald after reading the letter, Nora says: Nora has an increase in her knowledge related to her husband and herself. Here an increase in knowledge can be sensed. She knows that her condition is shameful in her marriage. Nora is able to see the true nature of Torvald by his reaction towards Nora’s doing. He calls her a â€Å"hypocrite, a liar, worse than that, a criminal† (Ibsen 75). Torvald’s abusive attitude towards Nora makes her understand her status as an individual in her household. She informs Torvald, She identifies her existence as a doll as she has no recognition of her own. She comes to know that she is unable to acquire her right as an individual by her husband and her father who are both highly domineering and authoritative. At the end when she wants to leave the

History and overview of mass customization

History and overview of mass customization Mass Customization is an idea of bring mass production economics to further more value in customers satisfactory than before with just deliver one unit which is unique. David J. Gardners declare that he been helping manufactures implement mass customization since the early 1980s before Stanly Davis bestselling book in 1987 written about mass customization more in high-level business strategy for implementing mass customization to a manufacturing company.[1] Mass Customization have become standard now in the 21st century. Lets have some quick view for the evolution of the different business paradigms over the time: In above diagram, we can see that in the 19th -20th century many manufacture are inventing their business with the method of craft production, mass production and engineer-to-order technology by producing end product in profit and speed. When nearly the end of 20th century most manufacture try to revolute their businesses to mass customization paradigms which is more to distinct business paradigms by producing an product on demand and more in customers preference fit.[2] 1.2 Introduction to Mass Customization Mass Customization term was become well-known since Joseph Pine published his book Market of One- Creating Customer Unique Value through Mass Customization. In this book he defined Mass Customization as producing, developing, marketing and delivering affordable low cost and high quality of goods and services that give customer nearly what they want. In other words, the goal is provide end product that meet exactly what they want. [1][2] In Mass Customization business paradigms it must be dynamic or flexible enough to provide customer to design needed products themselves. Thus, it must be quick responsiveness to what customer needs, quantity supply, time of deliver and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In order to provide customer satisfaction the pricing cost and quality of products are important to be improved. [1] In this 21st century the most popular industry that success implements the Mass Customization and made a great benefit providing economic price to customer is Dell. Dell has become the world leader for PC markets in direct sales via Internet. In the way Dell site sell its computer is simply using the concept build-to-order which other words are for mass customization. They provide an arrangement of products and explain clearly to their customer what options the customer can select by their individual needs. The excellent job that Dell has done is build the on demand customize end product after customer proceed the order at their site and ship to customer less than 24hour. This is how Dell success in their business strategy by organized easy customized product across the enterprise and become the extended enterprise that the whole world known. Even though there are many companies in different kind of industry was success implementing the Mass Customization but there is also many of them fail. In the case study of business and economic research team with the title Failure of the Automobile Industry in Mass Customization Practices they mention that Mass Customization is not feasible for all companies or industries. Thus, in order for a company to success in implement Mass Customization strategy they need some key success factor require of strategy. [1] This will further discuss later chapter in the subject Key Success Factor. 1.3 Mass Customization (MC) toolkit Many companies in different kind of industries started to offer customer opportunity to customize their own products online. The companies provided a web-based mass customization (MC) toolkit that allow customer who prefer to have individualized products just like PCs and Laptops (Dell.com), T-Shirt (CustomInk.com), Sneakers (Nike.com), Kitchens (IKEA.com), Skis (Edelwiser.com) or Cars (Mini) to their specific preferences. MC toolkits defined as a set of user-friendly design tool which allow user to trial and experience of the design process and it deliver simulated immediate feedback on the outcome of design idea. Once a satisfactory design are made and paid, the products specification will be transferred to manufacture production system to be produced and delivered to the customer. Below have some of the existing web-based MC toolkit examples from different kind of industries: Figure 1.0 An Overview of MC toolkit examples from (www.mass-customization.de/mc07/) Mass Production Vs Mass Customization 2.1 Characteristics of Mass Production Mass production development process in to produce large amounts of standardized products in the arrangement of assembly lines.[4] Typically use large-scale production lines moving tracks or conveyor belts moving down the object of various workers.[4] Usually mass production is suitable for large and semi-homogeneous consumer groups. [4] Mass production is a large-scale capital-intensive production process: Although low labor costs and production efficiency, but through large-scale production machinery itself requires a lot of money and skilled labor to install equipment in large quantities.[4] Advantages Reduce the possibility of human error, improve product quality, reduce labor costs and reduce non-productive work. [4] Disadvantages Assembly line products are difficult to change once implemented and hard time of establishment. [4] Figure 2.0 Ford factory, first moving assembly line, 1913. 2.2 Characteristic of Mass Customization According www.madeforone.com, declare that mass customization enable customers to determine the exact product or service specification, and have the product or the price available to them closer to a general public for such services have replaced. [4] Mass customization often rely on production output, is customized for each user the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing system. [4] Mass customized products in minimizing the cost of using the build-to-order method, in which a project is not constructed until the receipt of the order, is an important factor. [4] The product is built to meet the needs of individual customers. [4] It is a software-based product configuration that allows it to add / change a core product features. [4] In many cases, if a company offers individual products, the products are not made separately, but the emergence of mass production and variants or become personalized. [4] The interface or configure the system, is one of the important part that mediates between consumers and manufacturers as a key success of mass customization without a friendly-user interface and ease of use, the company will be difficult to be successful. [4] 3.0 Benefits and Drawbacks of Mass Customization (MC) 3.1 Benefits of MC Since the increase in number and variety of custom device by increasing the efficiency of reducing low-profit. Mass customization is a way to improve profits and reduce costs strategy of species. Whether your company is looking for incremental improvements or take your business next level, your company can not thrive as a custom, if the number and / or types are increasing. Mass customization is an enterprise-wide business model to improve efficiency across the enterprise, increase efficiency, expand your sales channels. Accelerate collaborative mass customization, the correct implementation of, and created a real excitement. 3.1.1 Benefit in the perspective of manufacture May help to gain a competitive advantage Lower costs (storage costs, costs related to Product is not for sale) Higher income the amount of profit agency manufacturers are likely to fall into account, and customers willing to pay customized products at higher prices. Build customer loyalty Better needs analysis customers through design their own products to provide a number of information about their preferences. Manufacturers and less endangered by demand changes in preferences (market turmoil) 3.1.2 Benefit in the perspective of customer Products more suited to customer preferences Greater opportunity to evaluate alternatives Whether it is possible to buy at any time and any place (In the case of purchase through the Internet) Convenience of customers 3.2 Drawbacks of MC 3.2.1 Drawbacks in the perspective of manufacture As for the management of high demand and production systems. Sometimes costly investment in IT, a flexible manufacturing system and the necessary training. The risk of failure in addition to mass customization success stories, there are some cases of failure are too many. 3.2.1 Drawbacks in the perspective of customer Takes longer deliver period Cannot experience the final product Before buying More complex buying process Usually anonymous purchase 4.0 From Mass Production to Mass Customization In according to the journal Cracking the Code of Mass Customization the researcher has come out with the factors that needed in order to emerge from Mass Production to Mass Customization. The factors are Three Fundamental Capabilities (solution space development, robust process design and choice navigation) and also with several approaches and tool to help companies to develop those capability.[2] 4.1 Three Capabilities Required (Fundamental Capabilities) 4.1.1 Solution Space Development Identify the product attribute differences along these customers. [2] Innovation Toolkit: This software enabling customers to the large pool into a unique product change their preferences, so that each customer stressed that the demand may not be happy. Virtual Concept Testing: An effective through the creation of virtual prototyping and evaluation of submitted scores differentiated products approach the concept of potential customers. Customer Experience Intelligence: A tool for continuous collection of customer data transactions, behavior or experience and analyze information to determine customer preferences. 4.1.2 Robust Process Design Reuse or reorganization and value chain of existing resources to meet the different demands of customers streaming [2] Flexible automation: Automation is not fixed or rigid, and can handle custom tangible or intangible goods Process modularity: Split into reusable or re-performance of the module differentiated customer value chain of existing organizations and resources. Adaptive human capital: Developing the management and staff who can handle the new and ambiguous tasks. 4.1.3 Choice Navigation Support customers in defining their own solutions, while minimizing the burden of complexity and choice [2] Assortment matching: Software solution to match an existing space charactenstics (is a set of options) with the customer demand model, and then make product recommendations Fast-cycle, trial-and-error learning: Is a way to enable customers to build their demand model and test the interaction between the model and the available solutions to match Embedded configuration: Products that understand how they should adapt to the customers and then reconfigure itself accordingly 4.2 The Mass Production-Mass Customization Continuum In order for a business from mass production to mass customization they must go through the process of building the organizational capabilities (solution space development, robust process design and choice navigation). During the process company might need to improve all three capabilities at the same time. Dell, has done developed their personal organizational capability toward mass customization that suitable for them and bring ford great result of sales and customer satisfactions. [2] Figure 3.0 Dell define it solution space and build a very robust processes, choice navigation still improving. 5.0 Key Success Factors Mass customization is that manufacturers able to produce customize product on demand, large-scale and lower costs.  But how can we do this?  Most experts believe that mass customization will success depends on the following factors: [1] 5.1 Modular Product Design Each module retains its specific processes (or work) business authority.  Without this, personalized products will be very difficult, time consuming, the terms of the slow and very expensive.  In modular product design, product designs are under some module or process so that able to produce any type of customization. [1] Requirements When necessary preparatory work (which requires an effective supply network), skilled and qualified staff of highly educated investment. High standardization of components For organizational structure, improve the coordination between modules Benefits Standard components maximize in number of forms used in all products. Shorten production time: because all the modules can be done simultaneously (and not in a sequence) to complete, and therefore greatly reduce the time needed for the production. Easy to diagnose production problems (quality, defective products and etc.), resulting in a special isolation control potential quality issues 5.2 Flexible Manufacturing Process Mass Customization produces a variety of different products.  This requires a high degree of flexibility in manufacturing systems.  This factor reflects the capacity to adapt to the differences in the products as a result of the lead time, cost in changing the system and small sum of ordered products. Usually if a company is to effectively organize its modular product design, flexible manufacturing system, so it provides the type and characteristics of time reducing costs. [1] 5.3 Sophisticated Order Management Mass customization is based on deep understanding of customer needs.  Because individual needs are very different, order management system is critical to enhance the manufacturer and customer relationships.  It (the system) to provide such a database, each client works open a wide range of profiles, and manage the large number of orders for many customers and clients the breadth, and through tracking, and allows easy access to the status of each order in anytime. [1] Requirements Close the relationship with customers High system capacity to handle large amounts of information (databases, transactions, etc.) Along the value chain (through the order management system) is highly integrated: a high degree of customer participation in the means of product configuration, marketing, sales, manufacturing, distribution, customer requirements also need to know accurate information. An order management system, a typical example is Dell Computer.  The site (www.dell.com) allows customers to interact directly with the companies presented their demands.  Customers from a number of options, select with the products, just click on the screen to order these products.  As the inventory and manufacturing, integrating all the departments Dell sales, marketing, finance, billing, logistics, such as through the website, order processing, all of these sectors at the same time, the result is that customers can immediately know, in a very fast and accurately all  conditions of purchase. 5.4 Integrated information system Information systems role in mass customization is the key to success.  The main features of mass customization the uncertainty of the requirements plus the requirements of flexible manufacturing, short delivery times, flexibility and rapid response capacity accurately, for an efficient information system to ensure that the information mobile phone is smooth and accurate  between customers and manufacturers, has become the companys segments.  In order to manage this small to minute, and more to multiple decision-making, decision support systems, integration of all participants in the organization of information, as well as with customers and manufacturers is essential. [1] 5.5 Postponement of assembly The uncertainty of demand for mass customization is a production operating costs are a major obstacle.  The system run-time requirements than low production capacity point of view is a fear of sleep, because the manufacturers have closed down days operating on fixed assets, inventory management costs, salaries of maintenance work, heavy, etc., but these costs can be eliminated if the company solutions to lower demand for delay operations.  However, it can still ensure that the operation will restart quickly, if demand suddenly rose.   A solution to address this challenge is generated by externalities.  For example, Nike does not produce itself and its partners in Asia, responsible for the production through the contract.  Nikes investment in assembly, material inventory of machines, workers, and factory management is essentially zero.  So, when demand falls, Nike just to adjust the contract delivery schedule.  In this way, the burden of fixed costs is no longer Nike.  For some products, its packaging division is the foundation, the company can outsource packaging steps to reduce the uncertainty of demand fluctuations. [1] 6.0 The Evolution to Mass Customization Mass Production Craft Production Mass Customization Engineer-to-Order Craftsmanship Time 18th century 21st century 6.1 Craftsmanship Craftsmanship is the oldest thousands of years the only methods of production.  It is based on a few handmade commodities and delivery of services in a small workshop manual production.  At the end of 18th century and in the beginning of 19th century there was a breakthrough and started move in to craft production. 6.2 Craft Production Craft production or (One-off production- individual article or a large-scale production prototype) is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without aid of tools. [5] Therefore, hand tools begin to display by machine and the craftsmanship productions goods and services important reduce from time pass though process in moving to craft production. In term of craft production it refers to parts of the handmade production is automated, but through human factors (skills, experiences and traditions) remains is significant. Craft production was move in at 19th century. 6.3 Mass Production Mass production  (also called  flow production,  repetitive flow production,  series production, or  serial production)  is production of large number of standardized products, including in particular on the assembly line.[6] In different way of production goods and delivery services simultaneously with manufacturing machine is mass production. In craft production one shop craftsmen busy get parts and assembly together, but in mass production one or more duplicate each worker using the same tools to perform the same consistent product flow or near the action-related tasks.[6] In the starting of 20th century Mass Production was being a standards for many companies. So, what is the improvement from craft production to mass production then? See below advantages and disadvantages of mass production. Advantages Shorter time to production (exact tool or parts always on hand cut short assembling time) [6] Human error are reduce cause mostly process carry by machinery. [6] Reduction labour cost and increase production speed per unit carry out by machinery in large-scale. [6] Disadvantages Inflexible or difficult to change the production line and takes long time to implement it. [6] Difficult to satisfy individual taste by the similar production.[6] 6.4 Engineer-to-Order Engineer to order (ETO) is a manufacturing concept, the finished product built to unique customer specifications. General Assembly and the raw materials inventory, but may not go to the product assembly, until the receipt of customer orders and part of the design.  ETO products may require a project number, a unique set of materials, as well as routes, and usually a very long time and complexity.  Active participation and engineers throughout the design process of ordering products. [7] ETO same time may refers to Build-to-Order (BTO) which is also a production approach of waiting the order confirm and build it. BTO and ETO are the approach that is most nearer to Mass Customization approach because it waited customer to confirm their order that they choose and produce it. In the middle of 20th century ETO was being implemented. 6.5 Mass Customization Mass Customization is an approach that combination with mass production, but is delivering customize product to individual. According to Frank Piller et al said in the business of consumer-focused line of creative strategy, mass customization can be seen as first elaborated the concept, with more than twenty years (the term was created in 1987, Stan Davis) history.  [8] Mass customization, it seems becoming the 21st-century standards.  It offering customize product that meet individual demands and still remain the efficiency of mass production. To achieve these efficiency requirements, mass customization system is defined by a fixed solution space in order to stabilize but still flexible, the characteristics of the reaction process.  [8] Therefore, the costs associated with mass customization should allow for a price level that does not mean the market as a switch.  The solution is the use of space, who is in the process of the manufacturers comprehensive definition of value creation, configuration or modify the options in a given choice of their respective solutions.  If you do not deeply involve in the customer, the manufacturer will not be able to fully fill the needs of each individual product.  Special tools package should enable customers to perform their tasks in this configuration. [8] From the evolution from craftsmanship to mass customization, we can see how business flow comes through started focus on individual, then to many consumers and lastly come back again to focus back on individual needs to gain competitive advantages. Mass customization can be categories into three type (Sung Park) said: Digital Front End/Digital Back End: Described it as like the Amazon based on your interest in a fully digital fashion unique pages. [8] Digital Front End/Physical Customization and Assembly: Most businesses will fall into this bucket of mass customization.  You design Web-based CAD interface stuff, and some of its factories for the production of improved traditional manufacturing process.  E.g. NikeID, fashion Playtes, or Paragon Lake. [8] Sensor based Front End/CAD-CAM Back End: This is a relatively passive experience, the best description of the Bronte sisters.  In their case the sensor, so that your mouth model, and automated equipment (three-dimensional printer) produces a scanned copy of the physical.  There is little human intervention or interference. [8] 7.0 The Effects in Mass Customization Through the research of Mass Customization (MC), I found a very good journal that support MC effects that generate value to customer which title The I Design It Myself Effect in Mass Customization. Many companies has offer their website that enable customer to customize their own individual customize product which manufacture can produce once confirm order. To this matter, MC toolkits was the significant and roles to gain competitive advantages to generate economic value to customer. There were four factors for MC toolkits needed to achieve: [3] Preference fits: achieved by self design products (should be as high as possible) [3] Design effort: which is refers to cost (should be as low as possible) [3] The awareness of being the creator of the product design: a feeling of accomplishment from the process of self designing in subject value of the product. [3] Willingness to pay: when the feeling of accomplishment of the self-design are high then the WTP will be high also and generate value to the creator. [3] Above factors are important for companies to develop MC toolkits generate values to the consumer. Therefore, the user-friendly interface, innovative and design of MC toolkits should be good enough to gain customer satisfaction in term of the effects that mention above. 8.0 Critical Evaluations 8.1 Why I choose Mass Customization for FYP project? For explain question above, first we need to know now normally most people can sell things online within just 15min or less than 30min, then they can create a website and start their businesses from (ebay, blog and free siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). So, what is my purpose to implement Mass Customization approach in my FYP project? It is to gain competitive advantages and innovative of web design to attract people come to my site. As now ecommerce have been commonly heard and become a traditional way for businesses online. So, what will makes it different? Lets see the answer below: Picture 1: This is the traditional way of T-shirt selling online from (www.t-shirts.com) Picture 2: This is the site that implemented mass customization method that selling T-shirt by customer own design from (www.rainbowsports.com) Now, we can clearly see the answer of implementation of mass customization in online business is important and some strategies and factors to success in mass customization as I have discussed above at Chapter 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0. 8.2 What is the way to create Mass Customization Site? Well, there is no fix way or range of making a mass customization site as long as we can develop the MC toolkits. As we study in IT in TARC College we learn a lot of technology, software tools and programming languages that can help us to design and come out with our own toolkits by the range our knowledge and effort we put in. I have decide some several ways to create a T-shirt Customization tools with using Asp.net (visual basic code) for the Web pages, Oracle database (Oracle Express 10g free version), Silverlight or Adobe Flash CS3 Professional (Flash which use to create the MC toolkits for T-shirt customization). 8.3 Does MC make your FYP project applicable to real business? Yes, it will be possible if my project been successfully meeting those requirements in the key success factors and achieved the effects that mention above chapter 7.0 and 5.0. Thus, also include with the advanced of programming code and tools being used to develop a standard website that can probably compete against other companies website. MC website can be in three type of categories that mentions at the 6.5 mass customization to make our site in specific area focus on customer. Thus, to create a uniqueness MC website we need to refer to 4.1 Three Fundamental Capability that needs to be continuously improved for goods and services provided using MC toolkits. 8.4 Will your complete your FYP with what you have planned? For this matter, it will be possible done but in term of time given maybe is a bit rush and hard to complete fully with myself alone. So, this is where the challenge I should face and to wisely spending the time in researching coding and designing user-interface. Therefore, I may look forward to my friend in other courses to help in different area such as flash in action script 3.0 and designing. Lastly, I hope this project would be successful completed in time and in future work it may possible for me to look forward 3D customization in web design. Harvard Reference [1] Pollard, D. and Shirley, C. and Brian, L. 2008. Journal of Business Economics Research: Strategies For Mass Customization. Vol. 6, No.7, pp.77-86 [2] Salvador, F. and Holan, P.M. and Piller, F. 2009. Cracking the Code of Mass Customization. MIT SLOAN Management Review. Vol.50, No.3, pp.71-78 [3] Franke, N. and Schreier, M. and Kaiser, U. 2010. The I Designed It Myself Effect in Mass Customization. Management Science. Vol. 56, No. 1, pp.125-140 Online/ Others Resources [4] Seaman, K. 2007. Mass Production versus Mass Customization. Viewed on 24 October 2010. Available from: [5] Wikipedia, 2010. Craft Production. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from: [6] Wikipedia, 2010. Mass Production. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from: [7] BigMachines, 2010. Engineer-to-Order (ETO). Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from: [8] P2P Foundation Wiki, 2009. Mass Customization. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from: [9] David J. Gardner. 2009. Some Benefits of Mass Customization. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from:

Is Economics a Science?

The word â€Å"Economics† is derived from the Greeks word â€Å"Oikonomos† which means to manage the house. So it means the management of a household especially in those matters, which are relating to the income and expenses of the family. After sometime, the term economy was adopted. Economics is regarded as a Social SCIENCE and not a PURE science like Physics or Chemistry because it uses scientific methods to build theories that can help explain the behaviour of individuals, groups and organisations and does not deal directly with experiments with matter. Economics attempts to explain economic behaviour, which arises when scarce resources are used to fulfil unlimited human needs. 1. It is a science because economists can experiment:- In terms of methodology, economists, employ different methods, based primarily on observation and deduction and the construction of abstract models to make experiments with numbers and data. As the social sciences have evolved there are now many different strands of investigation including micro and macro economics, pure and applied economics, and industrial ,social ,environmental and financial economics. . Economics is a science because it can make predictions Economists use scientific observation and deduction in their investigations using index numbers, base year and current year figures and past data. Economists frequently use versions of the demand and supply model to help explain events such as realty prices trends and movements. Economic models usually employ graphical and mathematical analysis to help explain and illustrate such economic processes. 3. It is both a Positive and normative science. As a social science, economics attempts to use the principles and methods of science to explain economic behaviour. This involves making positive statements about the economic world. Positive statements are those that can be verified, and are factual, such as: ‘.. House prices have fallen by 15% over the last year†¦ ’ In contrast, normative statements are based on opinion and value judgement. Statements suggesting that something ‘ought to’ happen, or that something is ‘unfair’, are normative because they are matters of opinion. For example, ‘.. the recent fall in house prices is unfair to the rich.. ’. This statement cannot be tested because it not based on anything testable. If there is an agreed definition of fairness, and it can be measured, then it might be possible to test the effect of the change in house prices on the degree of fairness experienced by a certain identifiable group of people defined as rich. Therefore, this statement is normative, impossible to verify, and based on opinion rather than fact. 4. Economics is a social science because it follows the â€Å" ceteris paribus† rule( all other things remaining the same) just like in an experiment In the real world, economic variables such as price and income, are constantly changing, and this creates a problem in demonstrating the relationship between variables. For example, a fall in price is likely to lead to a rise in consumer demand if we assume nothing else changes. Of course, for independent reasons, income could also fall and demand does not rise. The fall in price could have been counteracted by a fall in income. The ceteris paribus rule, that all other things remain the same, is used whenever attempting to demonstrate the link between economic variables. 5. Economic theories are based on facts and can be proven by deductions and mathematical precision. 6. Economics is a systematic and standardised process of studying human behaviour in the context of the unlimited need, limited resources and their allocation and hence it is a science. Conclusion- Just like all other sciences economics too is logical, rational and provable through experiments and factual data and hence we conclude that economics is a science. b) ECONOMICS AND RELEVANCE TO LAW- 5 points Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. It is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Now the Question is whether Economics is a science or not? Law, as a social science, is closely related to many cognate disciplines in the social and natural sciences. And law does not operate in a vacuum, law works in the society and economics is an important part of the society. Its relevance must relate to the overall values of society. Economics, it is said, is the science of rational choices in a world of limited resources. And the term ‘resources’ here does not relate only to money but can be of any type. Both are related to each other such that: 1. Law and economics is the application of economic methods for the analysis of law. Economic concepts are used to explain the effects of laws, to assess which legal rules are economically efficient, and to predict which legal rules will be promulgated. For eg- Law about taxation , laws on custom duties etc,. In other words â€Å"Law and economics,† also known as the economic analysis of law, differs from other forms of legal analysis in two main ways. 1. First, the theoretical economic analysis focuses on Efficiency or economic benefit. 2. The second characteristic of law and economics is its emphasis on incentives and people’s responses to these laws/incentives. 2. As used by lawyers and legal scholars, the phrase â€Å"law and economics† refers to the application of the methods of economics to legal problems. Using the best resource available, prioritizing etc 3. Both Law and economics stresses that markets are more efficient than courts. When possible, the legal system, according to the positive theory, will force a transaction into the market. When this is impossible, the legal system attempts to â€Å"mimic a market† and guess at what the parties would have desired if markets had been feasible. 4. Law and economics are related because they both share the same assumption with other branches of economics that individuals are rational and logical in decision making and respond to incentives and punishments. When penalties for an action increase, people will undertake less of that action. For eg- Huge penalties for economic offences deters the future offenders. 5. Law and economics is more likely than other branches of legal analysis to use empirical or statistical methods to measure these responses to incentives. Lawyers have to quote figures and data and statistics to argue their cases. Hence both economics and law rely on empirical data. In the United States, economic analysis of law has been extremely influential. Judicial opinions utilize economic analysis and the theories of law and economics with regularity. The influence of law and economics has also been felt in legal education. Many law schools in North America, Europe, and Asia have faculty members with a degree in economics. Conclusion : Law and economics scholars also apply the tools of economics, such as game theory, to purely legal questions, such as various parties’ litigation strategies. These aspects of law and economics, are of more interest to legal scholars than to students of the economy.

Managerial Applications of Information Technology

Information Technology Management: Unification of the actual and future information systems used by Incodepf and the new global innovations in technology Karen Lorena Ospina Hidalgo Managerial Applications of Information Technology DeVry University, Keller Graduate School of Management April 13, 2014 Subject of Course Project: Information Technology Management: Unification of the actual and future information systems used by Incodepf and the new global innovations in technology. Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Brief Company background 3. Discussion of business problem(s) 4. High level solution 5. Benefits of solving the problem 6. Business/technical approach 7. Business process changes 8. Technology or business†¦show more content†¦From this, a deficiency in the technological infrastructure is generated since most internal processes are carried out manually, using more personal, natural resources, increased spending on time, and with high probability of losing customers the constant telephone use. In this case, when a customer calls is normal to find the line busy and the company is losing potential customers. The idea is to include more technology in the organization to benefit clients and staff, in order to be more efficient and productive to meet and satisfy internal and external customers. High level solution In order to increase the operational efficiency, inside Incodepf it is useful understand what is it. Operational excellence means determine how technology helps and improves the efficiency of the operations to achieve productivity, capability, and effectiveness in the firm. The information systems help to achieve the operational excellence through make the operations faster, simple, and organized. Also, to improve the communications inside and between the company and customers. The information systems help the company in achieve and improve productivity and effectiveness through the efficiency of the operations (Laudon, 2012). Giving operational efficiency through the technological information (IT) will bring effectiveness and efficiency in processes such as taking orders through technological and electronic mobile devices such as iPad with software that allow thisShow MoreRelatedManagerial Applications of Information Technology5651 Words   |  23 PagesIS535 Managerial Application Of Information Technology Assignment 4 Articles This article describes the technology that enables clients of IBMs federated database engine to access and integrate the data and specialized computational capabilities of a wide range of relational and non-relational data sources. 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